Each WTO member can take “Safeguard” action (e.g. temporary import restrictions) to protect the domestic industry from a sudden increase in imports, causing injury or threatening to cause serious injury to the domestic industry.

However, Safeguard measures are not used frequently. Governments in some countries prioritize the protection of their industries through voluntary export restraint agreements for products.

The number of Safeguard investigations has been on a sharp decline during the period (2020-2022). However, by 2023 the number of cases has increased significantly, to 12 cases (compared to 4 cases in 2022 and 9 cases in 2021).

Chart 1: Global Trend in Safeguard Investigations (1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

Countries/Territories using Safeguard measures

According to WTO statistics, India is the country that conducts the most Safeguard investigations in the world with 48 cases (accounting for 11.3% of the total number of Safeguard investigations initiated globally), of which 24 cases were subject to Safeguard measures.

Chart 2: Top users of Safeguard measures (1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

Sectors subject to Safeguard measures

As in the case of Anti-Dumping and Anti-subsidy investigations, base metals and articles are the subjects of the most safeguard measures globally. In fact, in the total number of cases subject to safeguard duty, up to 26,3% are base metals, followed by products of the chemical industry with 17,4%.

Chart 3: Top sectors subject to Safeguard measures the most globally (1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

In short, the purpose of trade remedies is to minimize the damage caused to the domestic industry of the importing country from the unfair trade practices of the exporting country, as well as to re-establish fair competition.

In fact, the imposition of trade remedies can affect the prices of final products, which can affect the competitiveness of these products. However, to ensure a fair playing field and healthy competition for domestic industries in the importing country, the imposition of trade remedies is essential. Therefore, trade remedies should be used with caution only in cases of necessity.

Source: Center for WTO and International Trade - VCCI