According to data of WTO, as of December 31, 2023, a total of 7,890 trade remedy investigations were initiated by member countries, including: 6,768 Anti-dumping investigations, 698 Anti-subsidy investigations and 424 safeguard investigations. Among them, there are 5,180 trade remedy measures imposed, including: 4,553 Anti-dumping measures, 414 Anti-subsidy measures and 213 Safeguard measures.

Chart 1: Distributive share of trade remedy mesures (1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

It is clear that Anti-dumping duty is the most commonly used trade remedy measures by most countries in the world, accounting for 85.8% of all initiated trade remedy cases, followed by Anti-subsidy investigations with 8.8% and finally safeguard investigations with 5.4%. In addition, Anti-dumping investigations also have the highest rate of duty imposition (ratio of number of investigations subject to duty/total number of initiated cases) at 67.3%, compared to Anti-subsidy (59.3%) and safeguard (50.2%). The high use of Anti-dumping measures can be traced back to the fact that Anti-dumping measures are relatively simple compared to Anti-subsidy and Safeguard measures.

Countries/Territories using the most Anti-dumping measures

According to WTO statistics, by the end of 2023, India continues to be the country that Anti-dumping measures the most with a total of 1,175 AD initiations (accounting for 17.4% of the total number of Anti-dumping investigations globally).

Australia is also one of the top users of Anti-dumping measures. According to WTO statistics, by the end of 2023, Australia has initiated a total of 381 Anti-dumping investigations, and decided to impose duties on 177 cases (this number is significantly higher than the 18 Anti-subsidy measures and 0 Safeguard measure applied by Australia).

Table 1: Top countries using Anti-dumping measures in the last 05 years (initiations)

Source: WTO statistics

After a period of decline (2021-2022), the number of Anti-dumping investigations initiated by most countries in the world tends to increase again in 2023. However, for Australia, the number of Anti-dumping investigations in this country has not increased again compared to previous years. Specifically, Australia only initiated 03 Anti-dumping investigations in 2023, this number is equivalent to 2022, halved compared to 6 cases in 2021 and significantly reduced compared to 24 cases in 2020.

Chart 2: Trends in initiations of Anti-dumping investigation of some economies in the last 05 years

Source: WTO statistics

Countries/Territories under the most Anti-dumping measures

According to WTO statistics, China, South Korea, Taiwan (China), the United States, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the EU are the countries/territories that have been investigated and applied the most Anti-dumping measures in the world. In particular, China is at the top with a total of 1,626 cases initiated for investigation and 1,198 cases imposed with duties, followed by South Korea with 494 cases initiated for investigation, 329 cases imposed with duties, and Taiwan (China) with 343 cases initiated for investigation and 232 cases imposed with duties.

Chart 3:Top countries subject to most Anti-dumping investigations(1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

Sectors subject to the most Anti-dumping measures  

There are many sectors subject to Anti-dumping measures by WTO members. Base metals and articles are the group subject to the most Anti-dumping duty, accounting for 33.1% of the total number of Anti-dumping measures globally, followed by Chemical and Allied Industries (accounting for 20.9%), plastics and rubber (accounting for 12.2%). In other words, products for industrial use seem to be the main subjects of trade remedies.

Chart 4: Top sectors subject to the most Anti-dumping measures (1995-2023)

Source: WTO statistics

Source: Center for WTO and International Trade - VCCI