According to WTO data, as of December 31st, 2022, a total of 7,665 trade remedy investigations were initiated by member countries, including: 6,582 anti-dumping investigations, 671 anti-subsidy investigations  and 412 safeguard investigations. Among them, there are 5,074 trade remedy measures imposed, including: 4,463 anti-dumping measures, 403 anti-subsidy measures and 208 safeguard measures.

Chart 1: Distributive share of trade remedy mesures (1995-2022)

Source: WTO statistics

It is clear that anti-dumping measures are the most commonly used trade remedy measures by most countries in the world, accounting for 85.9% of all initiated trade remedy cases, followed by Anti-subsidy investigation with 8.8% and Safeguard investigation accounting for 5.3%. In addition, the Anti-dumping investigation also had the highest rate of tariff imposition (ratio of number of cases subject to tariff/total number of initiated cases) at 67.8%, compared to Anti-subsidy (60%) and Safeguard (50.5%). The use of many anti-dumping measures can be traced back to the fact that Anti-dumping measures are relatively simple compared to Anti-subsidy and Safeguard measures.

Countries/Territories using the most Anti-dumping measures

According to WTO statistics, by the end of 2022, India continues to be the country that uses Anti-dumping measures the most with a total of 1,130 AD initiations and 775 ADD impositions.

Philippines has only initiated a total of 21 anti-dumping investigations and imposed measures on 13 cases in the period 1995-2022. It can be seen that this is a country that conducts relatively few anti-dumping investigations (only 0.3% of total anti-dumping investigations in the world).

Table 1: Top countries using Anti-dumping measures in the last 05 years (initiations)

Source: WTO statistics

Chart 2: Trends in initiations of anti-dumping investigation of some economies in the last 05 years

Source: WTO statistics

Countries/Territories under the most anti-dumping measures

According to WTO statistics, China, Korea, Chinese Taipei, the United States, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Malaysia, Brazil, and the EU are the countries/territories that have been investigated and imposed the most anti-dumping measures in the world.

China is at the top with a total of 1,565 AD initiations and 1,170 ADD impositions, followed by South Korea (487 AD initiations, 326 ADD impositions), Taipei China (335 AD initiations and 230 ADD impositions).

Chart 3: Top countries subject to most anti-dumping investigations (1995-2022)

Source: WTO statistics

Sectors subject to the most anti-dumping measures

There are many sectors subject to anti-dumping measures by WTO members. Base metals and articles are the group subject to the most anti-dumping duty, accounting for 33.4% of the total number of anti-dumping measures globally, followed by Chemical and Allied Industries (accounting for 21.1%), plastics and rubber (accounting for 12.2%). In other words, products for industrial use seem to be the main subjects of trade remedies.

Chart 4: Top sectors subject to the most anti-dumping measures (1995-2022)

Source: WTO statistics

Source: Center for WTO and International Trade - VCCI